Carbohydrates
Agar is a galactose sulfate polymer obtained from red seaweeds like Gracilaria and Gelidium and forms heat-stable, strong gels at concentrations less than 0.5%. The gel forms at 90°F and melts at 190°F, showing a high hysteresis lag.
Carrageenans are anhydrogalactose sulfate polymers (both gelling and non-gelling types) obtained from red seaweeds, including Eucheuma and Chondrus species.
Carrageenan is a protein-reactive gum that stabilizes protein-containing cosmetic formulations.
Ceratonia Siliqua (Locust Bean) Gum is a highly purified fraction of branched galactomannan saccharide polymers with a mannose-to-galactose ratio of 4:1. It is derived from the seeds of the legume tree Ceratonia siliqua.
Guar gum is a plant polysaccharide obtained from the shrub's seeds, Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba, which, like the soybean, belongs to the Family Leguminoseae. It is a non-ionic, salt-tolerant galactomannan with excellent thickening properties.
Cellulose derivatives have the polymeric backbone of cellulose, with repeating anhydroglucose units. After alkaline treatment, cellulose is reacted with methyl chloride to yield methyl ether groups. The end product is purified and ground to a fine powder and is known as methylcellulose.
Microcrystalline cellulose is purified, isolated colloidal crystalline cellulose derived from fibrous plants. It is a white, free-flowing powder that is odorless and insoluble in water.
Pectins are heteropolysaccharides abundant in plant cell membranes. They are polymers galacturonic acid sup-units and are acid-stable gel formers obtained by extraction from apple or citrus peels.
Propylene Glycol Alginate is an ester derivative of alginic acid (containing polymannuronate and polyguluronate esters) obtained from Laminaria or Macrocystis species of brown seaweeds after a series of purification steps.
Sialyllactoses are the core functional oligosaccharides in the mother’s milk. They protect an infant from external viral infection when its immune system is not fully developed. The oligosaccharides are known to have an anti-adhesion effect, so the virus cannot infect through cell membranes.